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William the Conqueror
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===House of Angevin & The Angevin Empire=== Henry died on 1 December 1135 and was succeeded by '''Stephen of Blois'''. However '''Empress Matilda''' and her son '''Henry II''' claimed to be the rightful heir and so the nation erupted into the Civil War of 1135–54, in a period dubbed ''The Anarchy''. Stephen was temporarily captured by Matilda, however the Empress was so unpopular that she offended the Londoners and was chased out of London before her coronation. Stephen died in 1154 and so Henry II was chosen as his successor: making him the first English King of the Houses of Plantagenet and Angevin. Henry II expanded further; conquering the western half of France by 1166 AD. Henry then ''invaded Ireland'' in May 1169, [[IRA|which is cited by many historians as the beginning of English colonialism and repression of the Irish]]. While Dublin was the primary territory directly owned by the Normans; the other Irish kingdoms agreed to be puppets of the Norman Empire in exchange for maintaining peace. By its peak in 1172 AD: Henry's ''Angevin Empire'' had influence over almost all of the British Isles (excluding some Scottish islands). Henry II faced a succession crisis when his sons launched ''The Revolt of 1173–74'' against him. Henry's distribution of lands and territories to his sons did not satisfy them; however Henry won the conflict and his sons surrendered. Henry decided to name his son '''John Lackland''' as his successor, but '''Richard I''' wanted the throne and again rebelled against his father Henry. On 4 July 1189, the forces of Richard and '''French King Philip II''' defeated Henry's army at ''The Battle of Ballans'' and forcing Henry to name Richard his successor. 2 days later (on 6 July), Henry died of a fever, granting Richard his kingdom. Richard I led the ''[[Knight|Third Crusade]]'' in 1189–1192, but failed to gain any territory from the Muslims. Before arriving in the Holy Lands, Richard I's navy was caught in a storm and left on Cyprus. '''Isaac Komnenos of Cyprus''', despite being a Christian as well, began imprisoning Richard's men. This sparked a war, which allowed Richard to ''Conquer Cyprus'' by June 1, 1191. Richard did not plan to own a territory so far away from England and so sold the island to the Knights Templar: creating the ''Kingdom of Cyprus'' lasting 1192–1489. Richard returned to Europe but was captured in Vienna in 1192. Richard was able to pay off the ransom and return home; however the money used to pay the ransom was 2 years worth of tax money and thus, the Empire was bankrupt. Because of his imprisonment, the French invaded the Angevin Empire. On 25 March 1199 during ''The Siege of Château de Châlus-Chabrol''; Richard was hit by a crossbow bolt: dying from the gangrenous wound on 6 April 1199. John Lackland became his successor. John was a highly controversial King within English history; infamously being the main antagonist of the Adventures of Robin Hood. He was hated by nobles and peasants alike for his rude behavior, poor leadership, poor handling of the economy, overtaxing, and failures in the wars against France (giving him the name John Lackland for the territory of Normandy he lost to France). He resisted '''Pope Innocent III''' by banning '''Cardinal Stephen Langton''' from England. When English clerics opposed this action; John declared them traitors and seized Church property. The Pope in response halted church services in England between 1208 to 1214 and excommunicated John in 1209. English nobles began to revolt since John was seen as unholy or unfit to rule. Seeing the disorder threatening his reign; John decided to surrender his hostilities in 1213, giving back Church land and swearing loyalty to the Pope. However revolts still occurred; with '''Robert Fitzwalter''' launching ''The First Barons' War'' in 1215-1217. On 15 June 1215, the ''Magna Carta'' was signed: one of the most important documents in English history, as it restricted the powers of the King. John technically signed the document but ignored it and had the Pope annul the document. The revolt continued as a result. While at King's Lynn Seaport: John contracted dysentery in September of 1216. '''Alexander II of Scotland''' launched an invasion in northern England: John was forced to make a hasty, disastrous retreat when many of his ships sunk due to quicksand or whirlpools. On the night of 18 October 1216, John died at Newark Castle, Nottinghamshire.
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