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===Mexican Revolution=== ====Pancho Villa==== '''José Doroteo Arango Arámbula''' (June 5, 1878 - July 20, 1923) was born the oldest of five children in a poor family. At the age of sixteen, he shot Agustín Lopez Negrete after Negrete raped Doroteo's sister. He then fled to the Durango hills, where he became part of a bandit band and adopted the name "Pancho Villa". In 1902, Villa was arrested for stealing a mule and assault. Though he was spared the death penalty due to the powerful connections of Pablo Venezuela (whom Villa had sold the mule to), he was forced to join the federal army. Several months later, he deserted and fled to the neighboring state of Chihuahua. ====Francisco I. Madero & General Victoriano Huerta==== At the onset of the Mexican Revolution, Pancho Villa (leading the northern rebels) and Emiliano Zapata (leading the southern rebels) gathered their mounted troops and fought alongside General Victoriano Huerta to support Mexican President Francisco I. Madero. Huerta, seeing Villa as a threat, accused him of stealing a horse and insubordination and had him sentenced to death. While in front of the firing squad, Pancho Villa was saved by a timely telegraph from Madero, changing Villa's sentence to imprisonment, which he would later escape. Madero's presidency was unpopular despite supporting the Revolution. Granting freedom of the press only allowed Madero's popularity to continue to plummet. Diaz's supporters also still existed; making it impossible for Revolutionary generals (like Zapata) to ignore them and attempt the establishment of peace. After Madero was overthrown and assassinated by Huerta (partially thanks to US aid), Huerta attempted to become dictator of Mexico. Villa, supported by American President Woodrow Wilson, joined the rebellion against Victoriano Huerta and helped force him from power on July 15, 1914. ====Venustiano Carranza==== =====Resuming the War===== Venustiano Carranza replaced Huerta. Huerta attempted to launch a coup against Carranza, but was arrested in the USA and died in prison. Cararanza demanded the revolution to end, but Villa and his ally Emiliano Zapata feared that Carranza would be another dictator (despite the two originally being allied with Carranza). Carranza made policies that were similar to Díaz's; supporting the upper class unfairly. The Mexican Revolution continued, eventually dissolving into civil war between Carranaz's Constitutionalists and Villa's and Zapata's Conventionists. Pancho unleashed brutal massacres during this time, which weakened his reputation with the USA; The Santa Isabelle Massacre on January 10 1916 saw the Villistas massacre several American civilians. After the United States stopped supplying arms to Villa, they sided with Carranza instead. The USA allowed Venustiano Carranza's troops, whom Pancho Villa opposed, to be relocated over US railroads (believing that supporting Carranza was the best way to stabilize the Mexican government). In the Battle of Celaya: Villa's army was devastated (casualties estimated to be over 50%). =====Villistas War with USA: The Pancho Villa Expedition===== The USA aid threatened to overpower Villa and the revolution; causing Villa to retaliate. Villa ordered 500 members of his revolutionary group to make a cross-border attack against Columbus, New Mexico. This 'Burning of Columbus' occurred on March 9, 1916. The town was destroyed, but was ultimately a Pyrrhic Victory for Villa; both due to high casualties and political backlash. The US Army (led by Black Jack Pershing) would attempt to hunt down Villa in retaliation (dubbed 'The Punitive Expedition'), which would take a tole on his villistas; but the US Army had to return home on February 7, 1917 in response to the USA preparing its forces for WWI (officially joining on April 6, 1917). =====Zimmermann Telegram===== This was during the time that the Arthur Zimmermann Telegram was discovered on 19 January 1917; where Venustiano Carranza was offered to ally with Germany to retake former Mexican territory. While Carranza denied the offer, he did consider it; damaging ties with his government and the USA. On April 6 of the same year: the USA officially declared war on Germany. =====Emiliano Zapata's Death===== Carranza opened peace negotiations with Villa's ally Emiliano Zapata. However, this was a trap. On April 10, 1919; Zapata arrived at the Hacienda San Juan in Chinameca, Morelos. There; he was ambushed and shot to death by Carranza's hitmen. Carranza intended to have this assassination end the revolution. Instead there was political backlash; the assassination made Zapata a martyr and outraged the rebels. ====Álvaro Obregón==== Carranza's assassination of Zapata infuriated Carranza's general Álvaro Obregón. Obregón overthrew and assassinated Carranza in response on 21 May 1920; while Carranza was hiding in the Sierra Norte de Puebla mountains. Villa was satisfied with Obregón ascension, and disbanded the villistas as a result. Obregón ascension is considered to be the official end of the Mexican Revolution. The Revolution left 1.3 to 2 million Mexicans dead. ====Assassination of Pancho Villa==== After the Mexican Revolution ended in 1920, Villa was given an ''hacienda'' (estate) outside of Hidalgo del Parral, Chihuahua by the national government. While visiting the town on July 20, 1923, Pancho Villa was gunned down by seven riflemen while he was in the driver's seat of his 1919 Dodge roadster. Villa's friends and bodyguards were also killed in the attack, with the only survivor being Villa's bodyguard Ramon Contreras: despite being shot in the gut, Ramon managed to follow and kill one of the 7 assassins. About 40 rounds were fired by the assassins, and it is believed that Villa died instantly from the gunfire. Some historians believe that members of the new Obregón government were involved in the assassination. This is supported by the fact that the 6 surviving assassins received little to no jail time despite being declared guilty of the murder. Regardless: these many conspiracy theories have yet to be confirmed.
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